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- No well – controlled data for codeine, but suggested possible association with respiratory, genito-urinary malformations, Down’s syndrome umbilical and inguinal hernias, pyloric stenosis and hydrocephaly. For opiates in general possibly associated with cleft lip/palate, heart, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal malformations and inguinal hernias.
- High doses of codeine at term can cause neonatal withdrawal and respiratory depression.
- No adequate data for paracetamol but reported that maternal toxic doses can cause fetal liver toxicity,kidney abnormalities and intrauterine death suggested possible association with dislocation of the hip and clubfoot if used any time in pregnancy.
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